SALMONELLA
One of the coliform group Salmonella articles
Also see Salmonella dublin
In a Droffner and Brinton study (1995), "It was observed that Salmonella and E. coli survived for 59 days at
about 60 degrees C in an industrial compost." However, they reported, "The bacteria became undetectable
after the temperature decreased from 62 degrees C to about 40 degrees C in the compost curing."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8672222
EPA claims Salmonella is a Primary Pathogen in Sludge Biosolids that only causes Gastroenteritis, enteric fever
Salmonella typhimurium and almost all other serotypes of Salmonella which cause human gastroenteritis
produce hydrogen sulfide from both thiosulfate and sulfite (2).
http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/179/21/6736.pdf
EPA's contention is that Salmonella only cause:
3. Salmonella sp ------------------------------------ Gastroenteritis and enteric fever.
Agencies, studies and facts don't always give an accurate picture of health hazards.
Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed foodborne diseases. It constitutes a major public
health burden and represents a significant cost in many countries. Millions of human cases are reported worldwide
every year and the disease results in thousands of deaths. Salmonellosis is caused by the bacteria Salmonella. Today,
there are over 2500 known types, or serotypes, of Salmonella.
In recent years problems related to Salmonella have increased significantly, both in terms of incidence and severity of
cases of human salmonellosis. While some countries have managed to reverse the increasing incidence of human
salmonellosis, new concerns have been identified. Since the beginning of the 1990s, strains of Salmonella which are
resistant to a range of antimicrobials1, including first-choice agents for the treatment of humans, have emerged and are
threatening to become a serious public health problem. This resistance results from the use of antimicrobials both in
humans and animal husbandry. Multi-drug resistance to "critically important antimicrobials"2 are compounding the
problems.
Cardiovascular: Salmonella infections (commonly S typhimurium or S choleraesuis) may produce arterial infections or
endocarditis.
Pulmonary: Salmonella pneumonia or empyema is rare in the absence of comorbid illnesses such as underlying lung
disease, malignancy, diabetes, sickle cell anemia, or alcohol abuse.
Genitourinary: Individuals with urolithiasis or structural abnormalities or individuals who are undergoing
immunosuppressive therapy are predisposed to Salmonella urinary tract infections.
Neurologic: Salmonella meningitis may rarely occur, typically in infants and young children.
Skeletal: Infection with salmonellae may cause septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. The latter affects the long bones and
typically occurs in patients with sickle cell disease.
Integument: Enteric fever may be associated with pink, blanchable, slightly raised macules (rose spots) on the chest and
abdomen
From January 1981 to December 1992, of 6250 cases of salmonellosis treated at the Christian Medeical college and
Hospital, Vellore, India, 100 patients with focal pyogtenic infection caused by salmonellae required surgical intervention
in addition to medical therappy. Thirty-one had involvement of the hepatobiliary system, and 10 more had other
intra-abdominal infections. Involvement of bone and joint as well as soft tissue constituted 15% each. The site of
infection in patients with soft tissue abscesses incleded skin (7)Parotid ,(2)thyroid, (3)Breast (1)inguinal node (1),
Branchial sinus (1) and injectiion site (1). Three patients had arterial infections. Noteworthy among the cases of genital
infections was one case of salmonella infection in a pre-exiting hydrocele, and one case of epididymo-orchitis with a
loculated salmonella infection. Salmonella infection in a pre-existing ovarian cyst was seen in a patient with
endometriosis. The salmonella serotypes most frequently encountered were S. typhi(36) and S.typhimurium(36) andS.
paratyphi A (15). The importance of recongnition of these protean manifestations of salmonellosis in an endemic setting
is discussed. The microbilogical evaluation of properly obtained specimens is mandatory in such unusual Pyogenic
infections.
A case of rarely encountered Salmonella typhi osteomyelitis of left occipital bone leading to extradural abscess, is
reported. The causative organism was not suspected until the culture report was obtained. The patient responded
promptly to surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy.
Necrotizing fasciitis is an uncommon manifestation of Salmonella infection. We report a case of Salmonella group D
septic arthritis complicated with necrotizing fasciitis in a 51-year-old man who had noninsulin dependent diabetes
mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis. He presented with fever and severe right hip pain complicated with septic shock and
disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crepitation was noticed upon physical examination, and plain films showed
numerous air bubbles in the soft tissue around the hip joint. Prompt antibiotic therapy and surgical management were
performed with a successful response. The causative organism was Salmonella group D. Antibiotic was given in the total
course of 3 months, and there was no relapse of salmonellosis after 2 years follow up.
Localized salmonella soft tissue infections have been rarely described in humans. We report a case of necrotizing
fasciitis caused by Salmonella serogroup C in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who was successfully treated
with surgical debridement and cefoperazone-sulbactam. In addition, we provide a literature review on risk factors and
treatment of this uncommon disease sequelae.
Pathogenic species include S. arizo´nae (salmonellosis), S. choleraesuis (a strain pathogenic for pigs that may infect
humans), S. enteritidis (gastroenteritis), S. enteritidis serotype paraty´phi A (paratyphoid fever), S. typhi (typhoid fever),
and S. enteritidis serotype typhimu´rium (food poisoning and paratyphoid fever).
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Salmonella
2,200 strains, Each type can produce gastrointestinal upset, enteric fever, and specific localized infections, nausea and
cramping abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, fever, vomiting, spread through bloodstream to infect other sites, such as the
bones (particularly in people with sickle cell disease), joints, or heart valves (Merck)
Salmonella: S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis are the two leading causes of salmonellosis (inflammation of the
intestine caused by Salmonella). S. typhi is unique because it is only carried by humans. This intracellular parasite can
cause typhoid fever (enteric fever) which is characterized by fever, diarrhea, and inflammation of the infected organs.
Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is caused by Salmonella typhi . Typhoid bacteria enter the digestive tract and gain access
to the bloodstream. Inflammation of the small and large intestine follows. In severe infections, which can be life
threatening, sores may develop in the small intestine. These sores bleed and sometimes perforate the intestinal wall.
loss of appetite, fever, headache, joint pain, sore throat, constipation (or, less commonly, diarrhea), and abdominal pain
and tenderness. A brassy, nonproductive cough is common. Nosebleed may occur. fever remains high, and the person
may become delirious, slow heartbeat and extreme exhaustion, intestinal bleeding or perforation occurs, Pneumonia
may develop, Infection of the gallbladder and liver also may occur. A blood infection (bacteremia) occasionally leads to
infection of bones (osteomyelitis), heart valves (endocarditis), kidneys (glomerulitis), the genitourinary tract, or the
tissues covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis). Infection of muscles may lead to abscesses (collections of pus).
(Merck)
Because of an increasing number of possible sources, the incidence of nontyphoid salmonellosis has increased
dramatically since the early 1980s.[2] Children younger than 5 years of age, especially those younger than 1 year of
age, appear to have the highest incidence of salmonellosis.[3]
In the general population, focal suppurative extraintestinal complications have been recognized in 7% to 10% of cases
of salmonellosis. These infections may occur almost anywhere in the body, but the most common sites are the bones
and the meninges. Typically, salmonellal osteomyelitis and meningitis follow enteric fever or bacteremia. In infants,
complications of salmonellosis include pneumonia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, pericarditis, peritonitis, otitis media,
cholecystitis, endophthalmitis, cutaneous abscesses, and infected cephalhematoma.[3]
Isolated soft tissue infections due to Salmonella sp, however, are rare and occur mostly in adults. In one series of
primarily adult patients with nontyphoid salmonellosis diagnosed in a hospital over a 5-year period, focal soft tissue
infections comprised only about 1.5% of the study population, with two of the eight patients having had a previous
episode of salmonellal gastroenteritis. The infections were manifested as plantar, abdominal wall, and perianal
abscesses, empyema, and pericarditis.[4] A review of the literature described only 30 cases of salmonellal pyomyositis
during the past four decades, with bacteremia present in two thirds of these patients.[5]
Baby Calf Health: Common Diarrheal Diseases
Salmonellosis - Salmonellosis usually affects calves between 10 days and 3 months of age. The most common
sero-types are Salmonella typhimurium and S. dublin. Disease severity will be determined by the virulence of the
sero-type(s) involved, the concentration of Salmonella in environment and the immune status of the calves. Salmonella
can be transmitted by fecal-oral contamination or aerosolized.