EPA claims Campylobacter is a Primary Pathogen in Sludge Biosolids that only causes Gastroenteritis
1. Campylobacter jejuni ------------------------- Gastroenteritis.
Produces poisonous H2S gas and necrotizing infection
Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness found in chicken, turkey, duck, goose, game
fowl, unpasteurized (raw) milk, undercooked meats such as beef, pork, lamb, shellfish, produce, and eggs.
http://www.foodborneillness.com/campylobacter_food_poisoning/
"Campylobacter species have the highest reported temperature for growth of bacteria isolated from clinical material.
They have been known to grow at temperatures of up to 45°C." (Fecal coliform range)
Campylobacter is considered by many to be the leading cause of enteric illness in the United States (20,26).
Campylobacter species can cause mild to severe diarrhea, with loose, watery stools often followed by
bloody diarrhea. Campylobacter species are highly infective. The infective dose of C. jejuni ranges from 500
to 10,000 cells, depending on the strain, damage to cells from environmental stresses, and the
susceptibility of the host. The infections are manifested as meningitis, pneumonia, miscarriage, and a
severe form of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Environmental stresses, such as exposure to air, drying, low pH,
heating, freezing, and prolonged storage, damage cells and hinder recovery to a greater degree than for
most bacteria. Older and stressed organisms gradually become coccoidal and increasingly difficult to
culture. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-7.html
Diarrhea (may be bloody), fever, abdominal pain, and cramps,
bloodstream infection (bacteremia) may lead to infections of other organs, joints may becomes painful, red,
and swollen; abdominal pain; and enlargement of the liver or spleen. The infection may involve the heart
valves (endocarditis) or the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis). (Merck)
Campylobacter: C. jejuni, an organism that causes gastrointestinitis. bloody diarrhea indicates that
Campylobacter is an invasive pathogen that infiltrates the lining of the small intestine. Along the way, the
organism excretes toxins that destroy the gut mucosa.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Campylobacter infections commonly cause diarrhea and occasionally bacteremia, with consequent
endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or septic arthritis.
Epidemiology
Campylobacter sp are motile, curved, microaerophilic, gram-negative bacilli that normally inhabit the GI
tract of many domestic animals and fowl. Several species are human pathogens. Most cause diarrhea in all
age groups, although peak incidence appears to be from age 1 to 5 yr. Campylobacter accounts for more
cases of diarrhea in the US than Salmonella and Shigella combined. C. fetus and several others typically
cause bacteremia in adults, more often when underlying predisposing diseases, such as diabetes,
cirrhosis, or malignancy, are present. In patients with immunoglobulin deficiencies, these organisms may
cause difficult-to-treat, relapsing infections. C. jejuni can cause meningitis in infants.
Contact with infected animals and ingestion of contaminated food (especially undercooked poultry) or water
have been implicated in outbreaks. However, for sporadic cases, the source of the infecting organism
frequently is obscure. There is an association between summer outbreaks of C. jejuni diarrheal illness and
subsequent development (up to 30% of cases) of Guillain-Barré syndrome
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec14/ch173/ch173d.html
Haemorrhagic Campylobacter jejuni and CMV colitis in a renal transplant recipient
CMV infection can involve a number of organs, including the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with a clinical presentation of
abdominal pain, diarrhoea, haematochezia and constitutional symptoms, such as fever, malaise and weight loss. The
factors that predispose the colon to CMV infection are unknown [2]. The virus has a tendency to infect tissues with a
high cell turnover and, therefore, CMV infection may localize to the GIT mucosa in areas of inflammation. We report a
case of severe necrotizing colitis related to CMV infection in a renal transplant recipient with a recent Campylobacter
jejuni infection.
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005 20(4):823-826;
Animals
D) Vibriosis (Campylobacter): A common bacterial disease, spread through breeding. It
causes early embryonic death so appears as an infertility and results in a prolonged breeding and
calving season as well as a reduced calf crop. Two types of vaccine are available. One is in an oil
base product to prolong the absorption. Only one dose is required initially. Subsequent boosters
given in the fall at pregnancy testing will extend the protection on through the next breeding
season.
The other type of vaccine has an aluminum hydroxide or other adjuvant and requires two
doses initially. Be sure to give both doses to obtain a protective level of immunity. The annual
boosters for this type of vaccine should be given 30 days prior to breeding. This type comes in
combination with Lepto and other vaccines and is easier to administer, but it must be used
according to directions if it is to be effective.
Bulls infected with vibrio have been cleared by use of two doses (of 5 ml) of the oil base
vaccine, 30 days apart. All bulls should be vaccinated and given an annual booster in the fall. All
cows in multiple owner herds and in herds adding used cows or bulls should be vaccinated.